Which non-pharmacological methods are effective in managing pain?

The selection of cognitive-behavioral therapy, physical therapy, acupuncture, and relaxation strategies as effective non-pharmacological methods for managing pain reflects a well-rounded approach commonly supported by research in pain management. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) helps patients reframe their thoughts about pain and develop coping mechanisms, which can reduce the emotional and psychological barriers to managing physical pain. Physical therapy plays a critical role in rehabilitation and improves strength and flexibility while decreasing pain through guided movements. Acupuncture is based on traditional practices that show promise in relieving pain through the stimulation of specific points in the body, promoting the release of endorphins and other chemicals that alleviate discomfort. Relaxation strategies, such as deep breathing, meditation, and mindfulness, help to decrease stress and tension, often associated with worsening pain levels.

Other choices present methods that may not fit within the non-pharmacological scope or combine pharmacological and surgical interventions, which are not aligned with the question requirements. Therefore, the selected answer encapsulates a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to pain management without relying on medications or invasive procedures.